The most common helminths are flukes in humans. These parasites in the human body lead to many complications, including: disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, physical damage to internal organs, helminthiasis.
Helminthiasis is not one disease, but a group of diseases caused by parasites that live inside a person. All helminths are divided into 3 main types:
- nematodes (belong to the order of nematodes), prominent representatives - nematodes, pinworms, whipworms;
- tapeworms, or tapeworms (a group of flatworms), are represented by tapeworms, bovine tapeworms;
- flukes or flukes (a detachment of flatworms) are represented by the liver fluke.
As helminths leave the host during the reproductive period to preserve the species, when they move to another vector or environment, they are also divided according to the type of transfer:
- Mechanical transfer involves long-distance travel, while the development of worms in the carrier's body does not occur. These include most arthropods (crustaceans, arachnids and centipedes) often carried on the legs of common flies.
- An intermediate host is a special mode of transfer in which one of the developmental stages takes place in the host organism. For example, for cattle tapeworm, cattle act as the carrier (intermediate host) and humans as the ultimate carrier.
Helminths differ according to the method of transmission:
- active (contact);
- passive (food).
Contact worms are able to penetrate the human body through the mucous membranes and skin (schistosomes, hookworms). Food products are more common, they develop on a person after eating unwashed food, contact with sick people or non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene.
In total, there are more than 250 varieties of lower worms that parasitize humans in the world. Since the symptoms of the presence of worms in humans have different manifestations, therefore, at the slightest suspicion, you should consult a specialist and undergo an examination.
The life cycle of worms, their reproduction and development
An example of helminth development is the classic nematode life cycle scheme. Parasite eggs are extremely resistant to adverse external influences and can remain in the soil for up to six months.
The development of the larva itself takes from 2 weeks to 2 months, depending on environmental conditions: temperature, humidity, oxygen availability. A ripe egg with food enters the stomach, where gastric juice erodes the egg shell, releasing the larva.
Subsequently, the nematode enters the bloodstream through the intestinal wall and begins to move throughout the blood vessel system until it enters the lung alveoli. The nematode larva is aerobic, only here it becomes active and continues to develop.
Feeding on blood, it grows up to 3-4 mm in length. Having reached primary maturity 4-5 days after the invasion, the nematode begins to move into the bronchi.
Its movement causes a person to cough, as a result of which the larva, along with mucus, enters the oral cavity and returns to the intestine. Here the final stage of formation of the larva into an adult occurs.
The life cycle of an adult nematode lasts about a year, during which time it lays up to 250, 000 eggs. Human health, and sometimes life, directly depends on the presence of worms in the body and their number, so it is important to start treatment as soon as possible.
Ascariasis is accompanied by intoxication, and intestinal obstruction will be a complication, which in some cases will require urgent surgical intervention.
Reproduction of helminths occurs in 2 ways in which helminths are divided into biohelminths and geohelminths. Usually, parasite eggs get into the external environment - here they mature. The egg must then enter the host, where it develops fully (geohelminths) or passes through the stage of transformation into a larva (biohelminths).
In biohelminths, the development process is more complex, the stages of development into an adult individual and the attainment of maturity are separate from the stage of appearance of the larva. That is, from the external environment, the egg first enters the intermediate carrier, where the larva hatches.
Therefore, it needs to enter the body of the last host to reach the adult form. Biohelminths sometimes change up to 4 intermediate carriers before reaching the final host.
Symptoms
How to determine the presence of worms? The polymorphic symptoms and the absence of pain in the early stages of the disease make the diagnosis difficult.
Often, the causes of the appearance of worms in humans are associated with the use of spoiled or contaminated food, and the parasites themselves live directly in the digestive tract; therefore, the signs of its presence in the human body, in most cases, are related to the work of the intestines:
- liquid stools (unstable;
- pain and swelling;
- allergic skin rashes;
- flatulence;
- nausea;
- he threw up;
- lack or excess of appetite;
- at night - sleep disturbances, throwing, grinding teeth, salivation;
- itching in the anus;
- the presence of mucus or blood in the stool.
These symptoms appear after infection and last for a short time (about 7 days). In case of re-invasion, they are repeated after 2-3 weeks.
In the absence of treatment or due to the appearance of an acute or chronic form of the disease, some symptoms do not disappear, in addition to the consequences of a long stay of the parasites in the body:
- Intoxication appears almost simultaneously with the infection, but in the early stages it is not so noticeable. The more worms in the human body, the more the symptoms of poisoning increase, from morning sickness to vomiting and abdominal pain.
- Congestion in the lungs (infiltrates), bronchospasm, pneumonia. The main culprits are parasites that thrive in the alveoli of the lungs and damage them, causing inflammation.
- Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis). Infectious disease, the result of the vital activity of helminths and subsequent intoxication.
- Meningoencephalitis is a dangerous inflammation of the brain and its membranes caused by bacteria and protozoa.
Different pathogens have their own manifestations and consequences, but most of the symptoms are common to all helminths.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is made in the laboratory. Only in this case, in the presence of worm eggs and their signs in the blood or feces, can helminthiasis be reliably diagnosed. However, the analysis of feces is not always enough: some types of parasites do not manifest themselves in it.
A special method for determining the presence of worms is a serological blood test for antibodies. For the diagnosis of helminthiasis are used:
- biliary studies;
- macroscopy (to detect ascaris and pinworms);
- muscle tissue biopsy when checking for trichinosis;
- x-ray and ultrasound.
Trichinosis is a parasitic disease in which the larvae of the pathogen spread throughout the carrier's body, causing great damage to organs and the central nervous system, after which they settle in muscle tissue.
Parasites in a person's muscles gradually create a capsule of infiltrates around him, and the symptoms of their presence in the body subside, but by this time there has already been serious damage to the owner's health.
One of the main symptoms can be considered eosinophilia, in which the number of eosinophils in the patient's blood increases sharply. Eosinophils are a subspecies of white blood cells that respond to the presence of small foreign bodies in the circulatory system.
In the places of accumulation of larvae of the parasite, internal swellings and spots on the skin quickly appear - traces of infiltration. They also remain in sputum and lung fluid.
As the symptoms of helminthiasis are extensive and largely overlap with the signs of other diseases, self-diagnosis cannot be completely reliable.
There are cases when, after eating a banana, people notice dark threads in the stool, which they consider to be worms. Before starting treatment, it is necessary to pass all tests for the presence and type of parasite.
Treatment of helminthiasis
During the treatment of parasitic diseases, several general rules must be observed:
- Complete disinfection of bed linen and the room in which it is located. Keep the contacts to a minimum, the boards must be separated.
- Strict non-alcoholic diet. It is recommended to use an infusion of carrot juice and birch buds.
- Personal hygiene, frequent washing of hands and clothes, cleanliness of facilities.
- Monitoring the course of treatment and its effectiveness.
Modern methods of treatment exclude the use of a separate drug, as this does not guarantee complete coverage of all types of helminths. Most often, the doctor prescribes a starting drug that weakens the parasites.
If it is not possible to consult a doctor, folk remedies are used. A good anthelmintic effect is exerted by:
- a garlic infusion enema, taking garlic on an empty stomach;
- tansy infusion on an empty stomach 4 times a day before meals;
- tincture of wormwood in alcohol, take 20 mg 3 times a day.
Worms in humans in our time are diagnosed and treated in a short time. If you do not start the disease and start treatment on time, this will help to avoid complications and recurrences.
The greatest danger from parasitic diseases is for children: there is a delay in mental development, complications arise in the form of chronic diseases, inflammatory processes.
It is extremely important to explain to the child in a timely manner the need to wash your hands and observe the rules of personal hygiene. At the same time, adults are obliged to comply with other preventive measures.
prevention of helminthiasis
In addition to personal hygiene, there are a number of factors that affect the elimination of the cause of the appearance of worms:
- wash vegetables and fruits in hot water;
- keep the house clean, regularly do wet cleaning;
- a balanced diet that provides the body with a sufficient amount of vitamins from all groups;
- monitoring of the condition of pets, annual visits to the veterinarian;
- proper heat treatment of fish and meat;
- fight insects living in the house;
- refrain from bathing and resting in grassy areas.
Compliance with preventive measures and timely access to the doctor in case of infection will help to avoid complications. The correct dosage of drugs prescribed by a specialist doctor will quickly eliminate parasites, and folk remedies can be used in conjunction with prescribed drugs.